Broadband Optical Access Networks

FOREWORD.

PREFACE.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

1 BROADBAND ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES: AN OVERVIEW.

1.1 Communication Networks.

1.2 Access Technologies.

1.2.1 Last-Mile Bottleneck.

1.2.2 Access Technologies Compared.

1.3 Digital Subscriber Line.

1.3.1 DSL Standards.

1.3.2 Modulation Methods.

1.3.3 Voice over DSL.

1.4 Hybrid Fiber Coax.

1.4.1 Cable Modem.

1.4.2 DOCSIS.

1.5 Optical Access Networks.

1.5.1 Passive Optical Networks.

1.5.2 PON Standard Development.

1.5.3 WDM PONs.

1.5.4 Other Types of Optical Access Networks.

1.6 Broadband over Power Lines.

1.6.1 Power-Line Communications.

1.6.2 BPL Modem.

1.6.3 Challenges in BPL.

1.7 Wireless Access Technologies.

1.7.1 Wi-Fi Mesh Networks.

1.7.2 WiMAX Access Networks.

1.7.3 Cellular Networks.

1.7.4 Satellite Systems.

1.7.5 LMDS and MMDS Systems.

1.8 Broadband Services and Emerging Technologies.

1.8.1 Broadband Access Services.

1.8.2 Emerging Technologies.

1.9 Summary.

References.

2 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS: COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS.

2.1 Optical Fibers.

2.1.1 Fiber Structure.

2.1.2 Fiber Mode.

2.1.3 Fiber Loss.

2.1.4 Fiber Dispersion.

2.1.5 Nonlinear Effects.

2.1.6 Light-Wave Propagation in Optical Fibers.

2.2 Optical Transmitters.

2.2.1 Semiconductor Lasers.

2.2.2 Optical Modulators.

2.2.3 Transmitter Design.

2.3 Optical Receivers.

2.3.1 Photodetectors.

2.3.2 Optical Receiver Design.

2.4 Optical Amplifiers.

2.4.1 Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers.

2.4.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers.

2.4.3 Raman Amplifiers.

2.5 Passive Optical Components.

2.5.1 Directional Couplers.

2.5.2 Optical Filters.

2.6 System Design and Analysis.

2.6.1 Receiver Sensitivity.

2.6.2 Power Budget.

2.6.3 Dispersion Limit.

2.7 Optical Transceiver Design for TDM PONs.

2.7.1 Burst-Mode Optical Transmission.

2.7.2 Colorless ONUs.

2.8 Summary.

References.

3 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS: ARCHITECTURES AND PROTOCOLS.

3.1 PON Architectures.

3.1.1 Network Dimensioning and Bandwidth.

3.1.2 Power Budget.

3.1.3 Burst-Mode Operation.

3.1.4 PON Packet Format and Encapsulation.

3.1.5 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation, Ranging, and Discovery.

3.1.6 Reliability and Security Concerns.

3.2 PON Standards History and Deployment.

3.2.1 Brief Developmental History.

3.2.2 FTTx Deployments.

3.3 Broadband PON.

3.3.1 BPON Architecture.

3.3.2 BPON Protocol and Service.

3.3.3 BPON Transmission Convergence Layer.

3.3.4 BPON Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation.

3.3.5 Other ITU-T G.983.x Recommendations.

3.4 Gigabit-Capable PON.

3.4.1 GPON Physical Medium–Dependent Layer.

3.4.2 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer.

3.4.3 Recent G.984 Series Standards, Revisions, and Amendments.

3.5 Ethernet PON.

3.5.1 EPON Architecture.

3.5.2 EPON Point-to-Multipoint MAC Control.

3.5.3 Open Implementations in EPON.

3.5.4 Unresolved Security Weaknesses.

3.6 IEEE 802.av-2009 10GEPON Standard.

3.6.1 10GEPON PMD Architecture.

3.6.2 10GEPON MAC Modifications.

3.6.3 10GEPON Coexistence Options.

3.7 Next-Generation Optical Access System Development in the Standards.

3.7.1 FSAN NGA Road Map.

3.7.2 Energy Efficiency.

3.7.3 Other Worldwide Development.

3.8 Summary.

References.

4 NEXT-GENERATION BROADBAND OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORKS.

4.1 TDM-PON Evolution.

4.1.1 EPON Bandwidth Enhancements.

4.1.2 GPON Bandwidth Enhancements.

4.1.3 Line Rate Enhancements Research.

4.2 WDM-PON Components and Network Architectures.

4.2.1 Colorless ONUs.

4.2.2 Tunable Lasers and Receivers.

4.2.3 Spectrum-Sliced Broadband Light Sources.

4.2.4 Injection-Locked FP Lasers.

4.2.5 Centralized Light Sources with RSOAs.

4.2.6 Multimode Fiber.

4.3 Hybrid TDM/WDM-PON.

4.3.1 TDM-PON to WDM-PON Evolution.

4.3.2 Hybrid Tree Topology Evolution.

4.3.3 Tree to Ring Topology Evolution.

4.4 WDM-PON Protocols and Scheduling Algorithms.

4.4.1 MAC Protocols.

4.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms.

4.5 Summary.

References.

5 HYBRID OPTICAL WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKS.

5.1 Wireless Access Technologies.

5.1.1 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX.

5.1.2 Wireless Mesh Networks.

5.2 Hybrid Optical–Wireless Access Network Architecture.

5.2.1 Leveraging TDM-PON for Smooth Upgrade of Hierarchical Wireless Access Networks.

5.2.2 Upgrading Path.

5.2.3 Reconfigurable Optical Backhaul Architecture.

5.3 Integrated Routing Algorithm for Hybrid Access Networks.

5.3.1 Simulation Results and Performance Analysis.

5.4 Summary.

References.

INDEX.