Adolescent Health: Understanding and Preventing Risk Behaviors

List of Figures, Tables, and Exhibits xii

Foreword xvii
Joy G. Dryfoos

Acknowledgments xix

Preface xxi

The Contributors xxiii

Part One: Foundations and Theory in Adolescent Health Risk Behavior

One: Adolescents at Risk: A Generation in Jeopardy 3
Richard A. Crosby, John S. Santelli, Ralph J. DiClemente

Two: Trends in Adolescent and Young Adult Morbidity and Mortality 7
Frederick P. Rivara, M. Jane Park, Charles E. Irwin Jr.

Population Characteristics 8

Mortality 9

High-Risk Behaviors as Underlying Causes of Death 14

Mental Health 24

Three: Theories of Adolescent Risk Taking: The Biopsychosocial Model 31
Jessica M. Sales, Charles E. Irwin Jr.

Biologically Based Theories of Risk Taking 33

Psychologically Based Theories of Risk Taking 35

Social and Environmental Theories of Risk Taking 38

The Biopsychosocial Model of Risk Taking 41

Four: Resilience in Adolescence 51
Lynne Michael Blum, Robert Wm. Blum

Defining the Terms 53

Conceptual Framework 54

Ecological Factors 55

Adolescent Neurodevelopment, Stress, and Resilience 59

Resilience and Evidence-Based Interventions 70

Five: Theories and Models of Adolescent Decision Making 77
Julie S. Downs, Baruch Fischhoff

Key Concepts and Research Findings 80

Decision Science and Social Cognition Models of Health Behavior 89

Adolescents and Adults 90

Six: Biological Underpinnings of Adolescent Development 95
Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff

The Organizational-Activational Hypothesis: Hormonal Changes from Fetal Through Adolescent Development 97

Seven: Positive Youth Development: Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives 115
Richard M. Lerner, Mona Abo-Zena, Neda Bebiroglu, Aerika Brittian, Alicia Doyle Lynch, Sonia Issac

Prior Theoretical Models of Adolescent Development 116

Origins of the Positive Youth Development Perspective 117

Defining Features of Developmental Systems Theories 117

Features of the PYD Perspective 120

Part Two: Preventing Key Health Risk Behaviors

Eight: Tobacco Use and Adolescent Health 131
Richard R. Clayton, Crystal A. Caudill, Melissa J. H. Segress

Scope of the Problem and Health Outcomes 133

Strategies for Reducing the Risk of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents 137

Nine: Understanding and Preventing Risks for Adolescent Obesity 147
Mary Ann Pentz

Health Promotion and Risk Prevention 148

Ten: Adolescent Alcohol Use 165
Michael Windle, Rebecca C. Windle

Epidemiology of Alcohol Use Among Teens 167

Promoting Health and Preventing Risk of Alcohol Use Among Youth 171

Eleven: Substance Use Among Adolescents: Risk, Prevention, and Treatment 179
Chisina Kapungu, Charu Thakral, Stefanie M. Limberger, Geri R. Donenberg

Epidemiology of Adolescents’ Illicit Substance Use 180

Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse 182

Prevention of Adolescents’ Illicit Substance Use 186

Treatment of Adolescent Substance Abuse and Dependence 198

Twelve: Adolescent Violence: Risk, Resilience, and Prevention 213
Sarah E. Kretman, Marc A. Zimmerman, Susan Morrel-Samuels, Darrell Hudson

Epidemiology 214

Key Concepts 216

Examples of Resiliency-Based Interventions Used in Schools 223

Thirteen: Prevention of Suicidal Behavior During Adolescence 233
Anthony Spirito, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Cervantes

Epidemiology 234

Prevention 237

Fourteen: Unintentional Injuries Among Adolescents 249
David A. Sleet, Michael F. Ballesteros

Unintentional Injuries 251

Motor Vehicle Injuries 254

Strategies for Reducing Motor Vehicle–Related Injuries 257

Home and Recreation Injuries 258

Strategies for Reducing Home and Recreation Injuries 261

Settings for Adolescent Injury 262

Preventing and Controlling Injuries 265

Fifteen: Sexually Transmitted Disease Transmission and Pregnancy Among Adolescents 275
Laura F. Salazar, John S. Santelli, Richard A. Crosby, Ralph J. DiClemente

Epidemiology 277

Key Concepts and Research Findings 283

Sixteen: Interventions to Prevent Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Including HIV Infection 303
Douglas Kirby, Richard A. Crosby, John S. Santelli, Ralph J. DiClemente

Methods Used in This Review 305

Curriculum-Based Sex and STD/HIV Education Programs 306

Youth Development Programs 324

Intensive Programs Combining Youth Development and Reproductive Health 327

Communitywide Pregnancy or STD/HIV Prevention Programs 328

Part Three: Populations, Policy, and Prevention Strategies

Seventeen: Incarcerated and Delinquent Youth 339
Nicholas Freudenberg

Comparisons 341

Key Concepts: Health Conditions and Health Behavior 342

Roles for Health Professionals 344

The Health-Promoting Correctional Facility 350

Eighteen: Depression and Sexual Risk Behavior in Adolescents 359
Lydia A. Shrier

Epidemiology of HIV, STIs, and Pregnancy in Adolescents 360

Depressive Symptoms, Mood Disorders, and Emotional Distress in Adolescents 361

Interventions 365

Implications for Research 367

Implications for Health Care 368

Nineteen: Connectedness in the Lives of Adolescents 375
Debra H. Bernat, Michael D. Resnick

Key Concepts and Research Findings: What is Meant by “Connectedness”? 376

Twenty: Family Influences on Adolescent Health 391
Susan L. Davies, Richard A. Crosby, Ralph J. Diclemente

Key Concepts and Research Findings 392

Future Directions for Family-Focused Research 404

Twenty-One: Media Exposure and Adolescents’ Health Behavior 411
Victor C. Strasburger, Marjorie J. Hogan

Teens and Media Use 413

The Influence of Media on Adolescents 413

Solutions: Improving Media for Adolescents 434

Twenty-Two: Technological Advances in Modifying Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors 447
Natalie C. Kaiser, Jason E. Owen, Andrew J. Winzelberg

Key Concepts and Research Findings 449

Twenty-Three: Measuring Adolescent Health Behaviors 473
Renee E. Sieving, Lydia A. Shrier

Types of Measures 475

Measurement Error 483

Twenty-Four: Brief Motivational Interventions for Adolescent Health Promotion in Clinical Settings 493
Mary Rojas, Debra Braun-Courville, Anne Nucci-Sack, Angela Diaz

Brief Intervention 496

Twenty-Five: Health Policy Approaches to Reduce Adolescent Risk Behavior and Adverse Health Consequences 511
David G. Altman, Heather Champion, Erin L. Sutfin

The Ecological Model 512

Principles of Policy Approaches 513

Tobacco 513

Alcohol 516

Driving 518

Physical Activity and Obesity 519

Violence 520

Sexual Health 522

Twenty-Six: Legal and Ethical Issues in Adolescent Health Care and Research 531
Abigail English, John S. Santelli, Audrey Smith Rogers

Health, Human Rights, and Ethical Principles 532

Legal Status of Adolescents and Access to Health Care 537

Research Regulation and Ethics 539

Twenty-Seven: Adolescent Risk Behaviors and Adverse Health Outcomes: Future Directions for Research, Practice, and Policy 549
Ralph J. DiClemente, John S. Santelli, Richard A. Crosby

Prevention Research and Practice are Interdisciplinary 551

Adolescent Health Promotion Needs to Address Multiple Levels of Causality 552

Strategies are Needed to Improve the Sustainability of Health Promotion Programs 553

New and Promising Theoretical Orientations 554

The Need to Improve Prevention Program Transfer 555

The Need to Measure Cost-Effectiveness in Health Promotion Research 557

Interactions Between Spheres of Influence: Lessons for the Future 558

Name Index 561

Subject Index 567