Fundamentals of Turbomachinery

Preface ix

Symbols xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Definition 1

1.2 Types of Turbomachines 1

1.3 Applications of Turbomachines 3

1.4 Performance Characteristics 6

1.5 Method of Analysis 8

1.6 Historical Evolution of Turbomachines 12

1.7 Organization of the Book 14

References 16

2 Dimensional Analysis 17

2.1 Dimensions and Dimensional Homogeneity 17

2.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 19

2.3 Other Nondimensional Parameters for Turbomachines 25

2.4 Similarity Laws 27

References 32

Problems 32

3 Energy Transfer in Turbomachines 34

3.1 Review of Fluid Mechanics Related to Turbomachinery 34

3.2 Energy in Flowing Fluids 39

3.3 Euler Equation 40

3.4 Equations for Axial-Flow Machines 45

3.5 Equations for Mixed- and Radial-Flow Machines 47

3.6 Degree of Reaction 50

References 56

Problems 56

4 Centrifugal Pumps 59

4.1 Basic Construction and Classification 59

4.2 Basic Working Principles 60

4.3 Performance Characteristics 65

4.4 Cavitation 66

4.5 Performance Modifications 72

4.6 Preliminary Design Procedure 77

4.7 Pump Performance Tests 87

4.8 Pumping Systems 92

4.9 Pump Applications 97

4.10 Pump Selection 100

References 105

Problems 106

5 Axial-Flow Pumps and Fans 109

5.1 Introduction 109

5.2 Flow over Isolated Airfoil 110

5.3 Axial-Flow Cascade 116

5.4 Preliminary Design Procedure 118

5.5 Three-Dimensional Flow Effects: Radial Equilibrium Requirement 124

5.6 Fan Test 127

5.7 Fan Application 129

5.8 Fans and Systems 133

5.9 Fan Selection 137

5.10 Propellers 145

References 146

Problems 147

6 Centrifugal Fans, Blowers, and Compressors 149

6.1 Classification 149

6.2 Performance Parameters and Characteristics 150

6.3 Change of Performance 158

6.4 Polytropic Efficiency 162

6.5 Preliminary Design of Centrifugal Fans 165

6.6 Preliminary Design of Centrifugal Compressors 171

6.7 Application of Centrifugal Compressors 179

6.8 Selection of Compressors 184

References 188

Problems 189

7 Axial-Flow Compressors 191

7.1 Introduction 191

7.2 Basic Theory 193

7.3 Preliminary Design of Compressor Stage 200

7.4 Determination of Stage Efficiency 204

7.5 Effects of Compressibility and Shock Waves 205

7.6 Axial-Flow Compressor Stage Performance 207

7.7 Surge and Stall in Compressor and Remedies 209

References 212

Problems 212

8 Gas Turbines 215

8.1 Introduction 215

8.2 Thermodynamics of Axial-Flow Turbine 218

8.3 Degree of Reaction 219

8.4 Preliminary Design Procedure for Turbine Stage 223

8.5 Determination of Turbine Stage Efficiency 226

8.6 Axial-Flow Turbine Performance 227

8.7 Compressor and Turbine Matching 232

8.8 Radial-Inflow Gas Turbine 237

8.9 Thermodynamic Processes in Radial-Inflow Gas Turbine 239

8.10 Other Topics Related to Gas Turbine Engine 243

8.11 Applications of Gas Turbine Engines 249

References 254

Problems 255

9 Steam Turbines 257

9.1 Introduction 257

9.2 Velocity-Compounded Stage 258

9.3 Classification of Steam Turbines 262

9.4 Steam Turbine Parameters and Performance 265

9.5 Cogeneration and Combined-Cycle Plants 270

References 274

Problems 274

10 Hydraulic Turbines 275

10.1 Introduction to Hydropower 275

10.2 Types of Hydraulic Turbines 276

10.3 Selection of Hydraulic Turbines 278

10.4 Hydraulic Turbine Performance Characteristics 285

10.5 Pelton Turbine 288

10.6 Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine 290

References 294

Problems 294

11 Wind Turbines 296

11.1 Introduction to Wind Power 296

11.2 Actuator Theory 299

11.3 Types of Wind Turbines 301

11.4 Wind Turbine Characteristics and Preliminary Design Analysis 304

11.5 Variable-Speed Performance of Wind Turbines 311

11.6 Wind Turbine Applications 312

References 314

Problems 315

A Review On Thermodynamics and Compressible Flow 317

A.1 Thermodynamic Properties 317

A.2 Thermodynamic Processes 318

A.3 Other Thermoflow Properties 321

A.4 Adiabatic Efficiencies of Flow Components 322

A.5 Thermodynamic Cycles 326

A.6 Thermodynamic Cycles of Gas Turbine Engines 327

A.7 Rankine Cycles with Vapor 335

A.8 Compressible Flow through a Channel 336

A.9 Normal Shock Waves 341

A.10 Oblique Shock Waves 345

Problems 348

B Airfoil Characteristics 350

B.1 Flow over Objects 350

B.2 Airfoil Geometry 351

B.3 NACA Airfoil Specifications 352

C CFD Applications to Turbomachine Design and Flow Analysis 356

References 357

D Conversion Factors and Some Constants 359

E Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Water, Superheated Steam, and CO₂ at STP (14.7 psia, 60^◦F) 360

F Internal Diameter of Standard Pipe of Schedule 40 361

Index 363