Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena

Nomenclature.

1 Introduction to Fire.

1.1 Fire in History.

1.2 Fire and Science.

1.3 Fire Safety and Research in the Twentieth Century.

1.4 Outlook for the Future.

1.5 Introduction to This Book.

2 Thermochemistry.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Chemical Reactions.

2.3 Gas Mixture.

2.4 Conservation Laws for Systems.

2.5 Heat of Formation.

2.6 Application of Mass and Energy Conservation in Chemical Reactions.

2.7 Combustion Products in Fire.

3 Conservation Laws for Control Volumes.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem.

3.3 Relationship between a Control Volume and System Volume.

3.4 Conservation of Mass.

3.5 Conservation of Mass for a Reacting Species.

3.6 Conservation of Momentum.

3.7 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume.

4 Premixed Flames.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Reaction Rate.

4.3 Autoignition.

4.4 Piloted Ignition.

4.5 Flame Speed, Su.

4.6 Quenching Diameter.

4.7 Flammability Limits.

4.8 Empirical Relationships for the Lower Flammability Limit.

4.9 A Quantitative Analysis of Ignition, Propagation and Extinction.

5 Spontaneous Ignition.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Theory of Spontaneous Ignition.

5.3 Experimental Methods.

5.4 Time for Spontaneous Ignition.

6 Ignition of Liquids.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Flashpoint.

6.3 Dynamics of Evaporation.

6.4 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation.

6.5 Evaporation Rates.

7 Ignition of Solids.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Estimate of Ignition Time Components.

7.3 Pure Conduction Model for Ignition.

7.4 Heat Flux in Fire.

7.5 Ignition in Thermally Thin Solids.

7.6 Ignition of a Thermally Thick Solid.

7.7 Ignition Properties of Common Materials.

8 Fire Spread on Surfaces and Through Solid Media.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Surface Flame Spread – The Thermally Thin Case.

8.3 Transient Effects.

8.4 Surface Flame Spread for a Thermally Thick Solid.

8.5 Experimental Considerations for Solid Surface Spread.

8.6 Some Fundamental Results for Surface Spread.

8.7 Examples of Other Flame Spread Conditions.

9 Burning Rate.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Diffusive Burning of Liquid Fuels.

9.3 Diffusion Flame Variables.

9.4 Convective Burning for Specific Flow Conditions.

9.5 Radiation Effects on Burning.

9.6 Property Values for Burning Rate Calculations.

9.7 Suppression and Extinction of Burning.

9.8 The Burning Rate of Complex Materials.

9.9 Control Volume Alternative to the Theory of Diffusive Burning.

9.10 General Considerations for Extinction Based on Kinetics.

9.10.1 A demonstration of the similarity of extinction in premixed and diffusion flames.

9.11 Applications to Extinction for Diffusive Burning.

10 Fire Plumes.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Buoyant Plumes.

10.3 Combusting Plumes.

10.4 Finite Real Fire Effects.

10.5 Transient Aspects of Fire Plumes.

10.5.1 Starting plume.

10.5.2 Fireball or thermal.

11 Compartment Fires.

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Fluid Dynamics.

11.3 Heat Transfer.

11.4 Fuel Behavior.

11.5 Zone Modeling and Conservation Equations.

11.6 Correlations.

11.7 Semenov Diagrams, Flashover and Instabilities.

12 Scaling and Dimensionless Groups.

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Approaches for Establishing Dimensionless Groups.

12.3 Dimensionless Groups from the Conservation Equations.

12.4 Examples of Specific Correlations.

12.5 Scale Modeling.

Appendix.

Flammability Properties.

Archibald Tewarson.

Index.