Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition

Preface and Text Organization v

Acknowledgments ix

Chapter 1 Orientation to Personality 1

What is Personality Psychology? 1

Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality Psychology 4

Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book 6

Summary 18

Key Terms 18

Chapter 2 Data, Methods, and Tools 19

Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight Understanding 19

The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures 21

Conceptual and Methodological Tools 30

Establishing Relationships Among Observations 32

Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures 35

The Experimental Approach 37

Ethics in Personality Research 39

Summary 41

Key Terms 41

Part I The Trait-Dispositional Level

Prelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 43

Chapter 3 Types and Traits 45

Types and Traits 46

Trait Theorists 49

Common Features of Trait Theories 56

Taxonomy of Human Attributes 57

Evidence and Issues 61

Summary 70

Key Terms 71

Chapter 4 The Expressions of Dispositions 72

Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox 73

Incorporating Situations into Traits 75

Interactionism in Personality Psychology 82

Summary 88

Key Terms 88

Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 89

Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 89

Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional Level 90

Part II The Biological Level

Prelude to Part II: The Biological Level 93

Chapter 5 Heredity and Personality 95

Genetic Bases of Personality 96

Twin Studies 100

Gene–Environment Interaction 110

Summary 122

Key Terms 123

Chapter 6 Brain, Evolution, and Personality 124

Brain–Personality Links 124

Biological Assessment and Change 135

Evolutionary Theory and Personality 139

Summary 147

Key Terms 147

Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of Analysis 148

Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 148

Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level 148

Part III The Psychodynamic-motivational Level

Prelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational Level 151

Chapter 7 Psychodynamic Theories: Freud’ Conceptions 155

Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism 157

Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind 159

Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics 164

Neurosis 167

Personality Development 170

Impact of Freud’s Theories 174

Summary 175

Key Terms 176

Chapter 8 Psychodynamic Applications and Processes 177

Applications to Personality Assessment 178

Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Motives 184

Treatment and Change 191

Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Unconscious 195

Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive Unconscious 199

Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive Avoidance 202

Summary 207

Key Terms 207

Chapter 9 Post-Freudian Psychodynamics 209

Toward Ego Psychology and the Self 210

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Personality Development 221

Object Relations Theory and the Self 226

Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations 228

Summary 236

Key Terms 237

Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic Level 238

Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 238

Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic Level 239

Part IV The Behavioral-Conditioning Level

Prelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning Level 241

Chapter 10 Behavioral Conceptions 245

The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and Miller 246

Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms 247

Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional Associations 253

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner’s Contributions 259

Summary 268

Key Terms 269

Chapter 11 Analyzing and Modifying Behavior 270

Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments 271

Direct Behavior Measurement 272

Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior 275

Changing Emotional Reactions 279

Changing Behavior 284

Summary 290

Key Terms 291

Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning Level 292

Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 292

Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning Level 292

Part V The Phenomenological-humanistic Level

Prelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 295

Chapter 12 Phenomenological-Humanistic Conceptions 297

Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspectives 298

Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 304

George Kelly’s Psychology of Personal Constructs 312

Common Themes and Issues 320

Summary 322

Key Terms 322

Chapter 13 The Internal View 323

Exploring Internal Experience 323

Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One’s Experiences 333

Change and Well-Being 339

Summary 343

Key Terms 343

Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 344

Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 344

Enduring Contributions of the Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 345

Part VI The Social Cognitive Level

Prelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level 347

Chapter 14 Social Cognitive Conceptions 349

Development of the Social Cognitive Level 349

Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory 352

Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter Mischel 357

Personality Assessment 366

Personality Change and Therapy 371

Common Themes 375

Summary 377

Key Terms 378

Chapter 15 Social Cognitive Processes 379

Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality 379

The Self 383

Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery 391

Summary 400

Key Terms 401

Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level 402

Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 402

Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive Level 403

Part VII Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole

Prelude to Part VII: Integration of Levels 405

Chapter 16 The Personality System: Integrating the Levels 409

What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each Level 410

Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality System 414

The Personality System in Action 423

Summary 435

Key Terms 436

Chapter 17 Self-Regulation: From Goal Pursuit to Goal Attainment 437

Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Level 438

Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit 441

Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas 447

Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas 454

Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in Self-Regulation 457

Summary 464

Key Terms 465

Chapter 18 Personality In Its Social Context and Culture 466

Culture and Personality 467

Gender and Sex Differences 476

Interacting Influences on Personality Development 481

What Develops?: the Evolving Self 483

Summary 489

Key Terms 489

Taking Stock Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole 490

Prospects for Personality Psychology 490

Personology Revisited 490

Glossary 492

References 508

Name Index 549

Subject Index 559