Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions

List of Figures xix

List of Tables xxiii

Preface xxv

Acknowledgements xxvii

1 Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision 1

1.1 Living in a Digital World 1

1.2 Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Properties 8

1.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction 22

1.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model 26

1.5 Discussion 34

2 Applications and Requirements 41

2.1 Introduction 41

2.2 Example Early UbiCom Research Projects 41

2.3 Everyday Applications in the Virtual, Human and Physical World 53

2.4 Discussion 67

3 Smart Devices and Services 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Service Architecture Models 80

3.3 Service Provision Life-Cycle 91

3.4 Virtual Machines and Operating Systems 106

4 Smart Mobiles, Cards and Device Networks 115

4.1 Introduction 115

4.2 Smart Mobile Devices, Users, Resources and Code 115

4.3 Operating Systems for Mobile Computers and Communicator Devices 123

4.4 Smart Card Devices 126

4.5 Device Networks 128

5 Human–Computer Interaction 135

5.1 Introduction 135

5.2 User Interfaces and Interaction for Four Widely Used Devices 138

5.3 Hidden UI Via Basic Smart Devices 143

5.4 Hidden UI Via Wearable and Implanted Devices 152

5.5 Human-Centred Design (HCD) 157

5.6 User Models: Acquisition and Representation 163

5.7 iHCI Design 167

6 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling 179

6.1 Introduction 179

6.2 Tagging the Physical World 180

6.3 Sensors and Sensor Networks 187

6.4 Micro Actuation and Sensing: MEMS 194

6.5 Embedded Systems and Real-Time Systems 199

6.6 Control Systems (for Physical World Tasks) 202

6.7 Robots 204

7 Context-Aware Systems 213

7.1 Introduction 213

7.2 Modelling Context-Aware Systems 216

7.3 Mobility Awareness 227

7.4 Spatial Awareness 229

7.5 Temporal Awareness: Coordinating and Scheduling 235

7.6 ICT System Awareness 238

8 Intelligent Systems (IS) 245
With Patricia Charlton

8.1 Introduction 245

8.2 Basic Concepts 246

8.3 IS Architectures 249

8.4 Semantic KB IS 263

8.5 Classical Logic IS 268

8.6 Soft Computing IS Models 271

8.7 IS System Operations 272

9 Intelligent System Interaction 279
With Patricia Charlton

9.1 Introduction 279

9.2 Interaction Multiplicity 279

9.3 Is Interaction Design 295

9.4 Some Generic Intelligent Interaction Applications 306

10 Autonomous Systems and Artificial Life 317

10.1 Introduction 317

10.2 Basic Autonomous Intra-Acting Systems 318

10.3 Reflective and Self-Aware Systems 322

10.4 Self-Management and Autonomic Computing 326

10.5 Complex Systems 332

10.6 Artificial Life 336

11 Ubiquitous Communication 343

11.1 Introduction 343

11.2 Audio Networks 344

11.3 Data Networks 347

11.4 Wireless Data Networks 350

11.5 Universal and Transparent Audio, Video and Alphanumeric Data Network Access 356

11.6 Ubiquitous Networks 360

11.7 Further Network Design Issues 365

12 Management of Smart Devices 379

12.1 Introduction 379

12.2 Managing Smart Devices in Virtual Environments 380

12.3 Managing Smart Devices in Human User-Centred Environments 404

12.4 Managing Smart Devices in Physical Environments 412

13 Ubiquitous System: Challenges and Outlook 421

13.1 Introduction 421

13.2 Overview of Challenges 422

13.3 Smart Devices 425

13.4 Smart Interaction 428

13.5 Smart Physical Environment Device Interaction 430

13.6 Smart Human–Device Interaction 436

13.7 Human Intelligence Versus Machine Intelligence 441

13.8 Social Issues: Promise Versus Peril 444

13.9 Final Remarks 450

Exercises 451

References 452

Index 455