Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition

Foreword xvii

Preface xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What Is Software Engineering? 5

1.2 Phases in the Development of Software 10

1.3 Maintenance or Evolution 15

1.4 From the Trenches 17

1.4.1 Ariane 5, Flight 501 18

1.4.2 Therac-25 19

1.4.3 The London Ambulance Service 21

1.4.4 Who Counts the Votes? 23

1.5 Software Engineering Ethics 24

1.6 Quo Vadis? 27

1.7 Summary 29

1.8 Further Reading 30

Exercises 31

Part I Software Management 35

2 Introduction to Software Engineering Management 37

2.1 Planning a Software Development Project 40

2.2 Controlling a Software Development Project 43

2.3 Summary 45

Exercises 46

3 The Software Life Cycle Revisited 49

3.1 The Waterfall Model 52

3.2 Agile Methods 54

3.2.1 Prototyping 56

3.2.2 Incremental Development 60

3.2.3 Rapid Application Development and Dynamic Systems Development Method 62

3.2.4 Extreme Programming 66

3.3 The Rational Unified Process (RUP) 68

3.4 Model-Driven Architecture 71

3.5 Intermezzo: Maintenance or Evolution 72

3.6 Software Product Lines 75

3.7 Process Modeling 77

3.8 Summary 80

3.9 Further Reading 81

Exercises 82

4 Configuration Management 85

4.1 Tasks and Responsibilities 87

4.2 Configuration Management Plan 92

4.3 Summary 93

4.4 Further Reading 94

Exercises 94

5 People Management and Team Organization 97

5.1 People Management 99

5.1.1 Coordination Mechanisms 101

5.1.2 Management Styles 102

5.2 Team Organization 104

5.2.1 Hierarchical Organization 104

5.2.2 Matrix Organization 106

5.2.3 Chief Programmer Team 107

5.2.4 SWAT Team 107

5.2.5 Agile Team 108

5.2.6 Open Source Software Development 108

5.2.7 General Principles for Organizing a Team 111

5.3 Summary 112

5.4 Further Reading 113

Exercises 113

6 On Managing Software Quality 115

6.1 On Measures and Numbers 118

6.2 A Taxonomy of Quality Attributes 123

6.3 Perspectives on Quality 130

6.4 The Quality System 134

6.5 Software Quality Assurance 135

6.6 The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) 137

6.6.1 Personal Software Process 142

6.6.2 BOOTSTRAP and SPICE 143

6.6.3 Some Critical Notes 143

6.7 Getting Started 144

6.8 Summary 147

6.9 Further Reading 148

Exercises 149

7 Cost Estimation 153

7.1 Algorithmic Models 158

7.1.1 Walston–Felix 160

7.1.2 COCOMO 162

7.1.3 Putnam 163

7.1.4 Function Point Analysis 165

7.1.5 COCOMO 2: Variations on a Theme 168

7.1.6 Use-Case Points: Another Variation on a Theme 173

7.2 Guidelines for Estimating Cost 175

7.3 Distribution of Manpower over Time 179

7.4 Agile Cost Estimation 183

7.5 Summary 184

7.6 Further Reading 186

Exercises 187

8 Project Planning and Control 189

8.1 A Systems View of Project Control 190

8.2 A Taxonomy of Software Development Projects 192

8.2.1 Realization Control Situation 194

8.2.2 Allocation Control Situation 195

8.2.3 Design Control Situation 195

8.2.4 Exploration Control Situation 196

8.2.5 Summary of Control Situations 197

8.3 Risk Management 198

8.4 Techniques for Project Planning and Control 201

8.5 Summary 207

8.6 Further Reading 208

Exercises 208

Part II The Software Life Cycle 211

9 Requirements Engineering 213

9.1 Requirements Elicitation 220

9.1.1 Requirements Engineering Paradigms 224

9.1.2 Requirements Elicitation Techniques 226

9.1.3 Goals and Viewpoints 234

9.1.4 Prioritizing Requirements 237

9.1.5 COTS selection 239

9.1.6 Crowdsourcing 240

9.2 Requirements Documentation and Management 241

9.2.1 Requirements Specification 241

9.2.2 Requirements Management 247

9.3 Requirements Specification Techniques 249

9.3.1 Choosing a Notation 250

9.3.2 Specifying Non-Functional Requirements 252

9.4 Verification and Validation 253

9.5 Summary 254

9.6 Further Reading 255

Exercises 257

10 Modeling 261

10.1 Classic Modeling Techniques 263

10.1.1 Entity–Relationship Modeling 263

10.1.2 Finite State Machines 265

10.1.3 Data Flow Diagrams 267

10.1.4 CRC Cards 267

10.2 On Objects and Related Stuff 268

10.3 The Unified Modeling Language 274

10.3.1 The Class Diagram 276

10.3.2 The State Machine Diagram 279

10.3.3 The Sequence Diagram 283

10.3.4 The Communication Diagram 284

10.3.5 The Component Diagram 285

10.3.6 The Use Case 286

10.4 Summary 287

10.5 Further Reading 287

Exercises 288

11 Software Architecture 289

11.1 Software Architecture and the Software Life Cycle 293

11.2 Architecture Design 294

11.3 Architectural Views 298

11.4 Architectural Styles 303

11.5 Software Architecture Assessment 317

11.6 Summary 321

11.7 Further Reading 322

Exercises 322

12 Software Design 325

12.1 Design Considerations 329

12.1.1 Abstraction 330

12.1.2 Modularity 333

12.1.3 Information Hiding 336

12.1.4 Complexity 337

12.1.5 System Structure 344

12.1.6 Object-Oriented Metrics 348

12.2 Classical Design Methods 351

12.2.1 Functional Decomposition 353

12.2.2 Data Flow Design (SA/SD) 356

12.2.3 Design Based on Data Structures 361

12.3 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methods 369

12.3.1 The Booch Method 376

12.3.2 Fusion 377

12.3.3 RUP Revisited 379

12.4 How to Select a Design Method 380

12.4.1 Design  Method Classification 381

12.4.2 Object Orientation: Hype or the Answer? 382

12.5 Design Patterns 385

12.6 Design Documentation 389

12.7 Verification and Validation 393

12.8 Summary 393

12.9 Further Reading 398

Exercises 399

13 Software Testing 405

13.1 Test Objectives 410

13.1.1 Test Adequacy Criteria 412

13.1.2 Fault Detection Versus Confidence Building 413

13.1.3 From Fault Detection to Fault Prevention 415

13.2 Testing and the Software Life Cycle 417

13.2.1 Requirements Engineering 417

13.2.2 Design 419

13.2.3 Implementation 420

13.2.4 Maintenance 420

13.2.5 Test-Driven Development (TDD) 421

13.3 Verification and Validation Planning and Documentation 422

13.4 Manual Test Techniques 425

13.4.1 Reading 425

13.4.2 Walkthroughs and Inspections 426

13.4.3 Correctness Proofs 428

13.4.4 Stepwise Abstraction 429

13.5 Coverage-Based Test Techniques 430

13.5.1 Control-Flow Coverage 431

13.5.2 Data Flow Coverage 433

13.5.3 Coverage-Based Testing of Requirements Specifications 435

13.6 Fault-Based Test Techniques 437

13.6.1 Error Seeding 437

13.6.2 Mutation Testing 438

13.7 Error-Based Test Techniques 440

13.8 Comparison of Test Techniques 441

13.8.1 Comparison of Test Adequacy Criteria 442

13.8.2 Properties of Test Adequacy Criteria 443

13.8.3 Experimental Results 446

13.9 Test Stages 448

13.10 Estimating Software Reliability 450

13.11 Summary 457

13.12 Further Reading 458

Exercises 459

14 Software Maintenance 465

14.1 Maintenance Categories Revisited 468

14.2 Major Causes of Maintenance Problems 471

14.3 Reverse Engineering and Refactoring 475

14.3.1 Refactoring 478

14.3.2 Inherent Limitations 480

14.3.3 Tools 484

14.4 Software Evolution Revisited 486

14.5 Organizational and Managerial Issues 488

14.5.1 Organization of Maintenance Activities 488

14.5.2 Software Maintenance from a Service Perspective 492

14.5.3 Control o fMaintenance Tasks 497

14.5.4 Quality Issues 500

14.6 Summary 501

14.7 Further Reading 502

Exercises 504

15 Software Tools 507

15.1 Toolkits 511

15.2 Language-Centered Environments 513

15.3 Integrated Environments and WorkBenches 514

15.3.1 Analyst WorkBenches 515

15.3.2 Programmer WorkBenches 516

15.3.3 Management WorkBenches 520

15.3.4 Integrated Project Support Environments 520

15.4 Process-Centered Environments 521

15.5 Summary 522

15.6 Further Reading 524

Exercises 525

Part III Advanced Topics 527

16 User Interface Design 529

16.1 Where Is the User Interface? 532

16.2 What Is the User Interface? 536

16.3 Human Factors in Human–Computer Interaction 537

16.3.1 Humanities 537

16.3.2 Artistic Design 538

16.3.3 Ergonomics 539

16.4 The Role of Models in Human–Computer Interaction 540

16.4.1 A Model of Human Information Processing 542

16.4.2 Mental Models of Information Systems 544

16.4.3 Conceptual Models in User Interface Design 547

16.5 The Design of Interactive Systems 549

16.5.1 Design as an Activity Structure 550

16.5.2 Design as Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration 552

16.6 Task Analysis 553

16.6.1 Task Analysis in HCI Design 554

16.6.2 Analysis Approaches for Collaborative Work 556

16.6.3 Sources of Knowledge and Collection Methods 557

16.6.4 An Integrated Approach to Task Analysis: GTA 558

16.7 Specification of the User Interface Details 559

16.7.1 Dialog 560

16.7.2 Representation 561

16.8 Evaluation 562

16.8.1 Evaluation of Analysis Decisions 562

16.8.2 Evaluation of UVM Specifications 563

16.8.3 Evaluation of Prototypes 566

16.9 Summary 567

16.10 Further Reading 568

Exercises 569

17 Software Reusability 571

17.1 Reuse Dimensions 574

17.2 Reuse of Intermediate Products 576

17.2.1 Libraries of Software Components 576

17.2.2 Templates 580

17.2.3 Reuse of Architecture 581

17.2.4 Application Generators and Fourth-Generation Languages 581

17.3 Reuse and the Software Life Cycle 582

17.4 Reuse Tools and Techniques 585

17.4.1 From Module Interconnection Language to Architecture Description Language 586

17.4.2 Middleware 588

17.5 Perspectives of Software Reuse 591

17.6 Non-Technical Aspects of Software Reuse 594

17.6.1 Economics 596

17.6.2 Management 597

17.6.3 Psychology of Programmers 598

17.7 Summary 599

17.8 Further Reading 601

Exercises 601

18 Component-Based Software Engineering 605

18.1 Why Component-Based Software Engineering? 607

18.2 Component Models and Components 608

18.2.1 Component Forms in Component Models 610

18.2.2 Architecture and Component Models 614

18.3 Component-Based Development Process and Component Life Cycle 619

18.3.1 Component-Based System Development Process 620

18.3.2 Component Assessment 622

18.3.3 Component Development Process 623

18.4 Architectural Approaches in Component-Based Development 625

18.4.1 Architecture-Driven Component Development 626

18.4.2 Product-Line Development 626

18.4.3 COTS-Based Development 627

18.4.4 Selecting an Approach 627

18.5 Summary 628

18.6 Further Reading 628

Exercises 629

19 Service Orientation 631

19.1 Services, Service Descriptions, and Service Communication 634

19.2 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 639

19.3 Web Services 641

19.3.1 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 643

19.3.2 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 644

19.3.3 Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 644

19.3.4 Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) 646

19.3.5 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS) 647

19.4 Service-Oriented Software Engineering 650

19.5 Summary 652

19.6 Further Reading 652

Exercises 653

20 Global Software Development 655

20.1 Challenges of Global System Development 657

20.2 How to Overcome Distance 664

20.2.1 Common Ground 664

20.2.2 Coupling of Work 666

20.2.3 Collaboration Readiness 666

20.2.4 Technology Readiness 666

20.2.5 Organizing Work in Global Software Development 668

20.3 Summary 670

20.4 Further Reading 670

Exercises 671

Bibliography 673

Index 705