WiMAX: Technology for Broadband Wireless Access

Preface and Acknowledgements xv

Abbreviations List xvii

Part One Global Introduction to wIMAX 1

1 Introduction to Broadband Wireless Access 3

1.1 The Need for wireless Data Transmission 3

1.2 Wireless Networks and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 4

1.3 Application of BWA 8

1.4 History of BWA Technologies 11

2 WiMAX Genesis and Framework 13

2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standard 13

2.2 WiMAX Forum 15

2.3 WiMAX Products Certification 16

2.4 Predicted Products and Deployment Evolution 19

2.5 Other 802.16 Standards 20

2.6 The Korean Cousin: WiBro 21

3 Protocol Layers and Topologies 23

3.1 The Protocol Layers of WiMAX 23

3.2 Convergence Sublayer (CS) 25

3.3 Medium Access Control Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) 25

3.4 Security Sublayer 25

3.5 PHYsical Layer 26

3.6 Network Management Reference Model 28

3.7 WiMAX Topologies 28

4 Frequency Utilisation and System Profiles 31

4.1 The Cellular Concept 31

4.2 Licensed and Unlicensed Frequencies 36

4.3 WiMAX Frequencies, Regulations and Availability 38

4.4 WiMAX System Profiles 41

Part Two WiMAX Physical Layer 43

5 Digital Modulation, OFDM, and OFDMA 45

5.1 Digital Modulations 45

5.2 OFDM Transmission 47

5.3 OFDMA and Its Variant SOFDMA 53

5.4 Subcarrier Permutations in WiMAX OFDMA PHY 57

6 The Physical Layer of WiMAX 69

6.1 The 802.16 Physical Transmission Chains 69

6.2 Channel Coding 69

6.3 Turbo Coding 74

6.4 Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TCS) 77

6.5 Burst Profile 78

Part Three WiMAX Multiple Access (MAC Layer) and QoS Management 81

7 Convergence Sublayer (CS) 83

7.1 CS in 802.16 Protocol Architecture 83

7.2 Connections and Service Flow 83

7.3 Classifications and Mapping 88

7.4 CS and QoS 90

7.5 Payload Header Suppression (PHS) 90

8 MAC Functions and MAC Frames 95

8.1 Introduction 95

8.2 MAC Addresses and MAC Frames 95

8.3 Fragmentation, Packing and Concatenation 100

8.4 Basic, Primary and Secondary Management Connections 102

8.5 User Data and MAC Management Messages 105

8.6 TLV Encoding in the 802.16 Standard 8.6.1 TLV Encoding Sets 106

8.7 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 106

8.8 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 110

9 Multiple Access and Burst Profile Description 113

9.1 Introduction 113

9.2 Duplexing: Both FDD and TDD are Possible 113

9.3 Transmission of Downlink and Uplink Subframes 115

9.4 Maps of Multiple Access: DL-MAP and UL-MAP 121

9.5 Burst Profile Usage: DCD Message and the DIUC Indicator 125

9.6 Mesh Frame 134

10 Uplink Bandwidth Allocation and Request Mechanisms 137

10.1 Downlink and Uplink Allocation of Bandwidth 137

10.2 Types of Uplink Access Grant-request 138

10.3 Uplink Access Grant-request Mechanisms 140

10.4 Contention-based Focused Bandwidth Request in OFDM PHY 150

10.5 Contention-based CDMA Bandwidth Request in OFDMA PHY 153

11 Network Entry and Quality of Service (QoS) Management 155

11.1 Ranging 155

11.2 Link Adaptation 161

11.3 The Five Scheduling Services or QoS Classes 163

11.4 Scheduling and deployment of Services Over WiMAX 167

11.5 Dynamic Service Addition and Change 170

11.6 Network Entry 175

Part Four Diverse Topics 183

12 Efficient Use of Radio Resources 185

12.1 Introduction 185

12.2 Radio Engineering Consideration for WiMAX Systems 186

12.3 Radio Resource Management Procedures 189

12.4 Advanced Antenna Technologies in WiMAX 194

12.5 Multicast Broadcast Services (MBS) 204

13 WiMAX Architecture 207

13.1 The Need for a Standardized WiMAX Architecture 207

13.2 Network Reference Model 209

13.3 Network Functionalities 215

14 Mobility, Handover and Power-Save Modes 219

14.1 Handover Considerations 219

14.2 Network Topology Acquisition 220

14.3 The Handover Process 222

14.4 Fast BS Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) 225

14.5 Power-Save Modes 227

15 Security 231

15.1 Security Elements Used in the 802.16 Standard 231

15.2 Authentication and the PKM Protocol 235

15.3 Data Encryption 242

15.4 Message Authentication with HMAC 248

15.5 Other Security Issues 250

16 Comparisons and Conclusion 251

16.1 Comparison Between Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX 251

16.2 Comparison Between WiMAX and WiFi 252

16.3 Comparison Between WiMAX and 3G 253

16.4 Final Thoughts and Conclusion 254

Annex A: The Different Sets of MAC Management Messages 255

Annex B: Example of a Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) Message 265

References 273

Index 277