Fuel Cells, Engines and Hydrogen: An Exergy Approach

Introduction, and Commentary on Matters Affecting all Chapters.

1. Altered Perspectives.

1.1 Power Storage.

1.2 Circulators.

1.3 Incompleteness.

1.4 The Hydrogen Mine.

1.5 Coal Gasification.

1.6 SOFCs.

1.7 MCFCs.

1.8 The PEFC.

1.9 Engines.

2. Regenerative Fuel Cells or Redox Flow Batteries.

2.1 Introduction to the Regenesys System.

2.2 History and Patents.

2.3 Regenesys Technologies Ltd; Power Storage.

2.4 Elementary Chemistry.

2.5 Modus Operandi of Regenesys.

2.6 Some Construction Details.

2.7 Ion and Electron Transfer.

2.8 Power Storage Applications.

2.9 Initial Operating Experience.

2.10 Electrical Equipment.

2.11 Remarks.

2.12 Conclusions.

3. Irreversible Thermodynamics.

3.1 Cells and Electrolysers with and without Circulators.

3.2 Irreversibility – An Introduction via Joule’s Experiment.

3.3 PEFC Irreversibility.

3.4 Bacon’s Fuel Cell; Avoidance of Irreversibility.

3.5 Fuel Cell Engineering.

3.6 Irreversibility in Calculation Routes.

3.7 Juggling with Irreversibilities.

3.8 Air-Breathing Fuel Cells – Irreversibilities.

3.9 Liquid Electrolytes at the Electrode, ‘Ice’ Films, Marangoni Forces and Diffusion Irreversibilities.

3.10 Overvoltage – An Electrical Irreversibility.

3.11 Biconductor Layers at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface.

3.12 IR Drop.

3.13 Remarks.

4. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs).

4.1 Introduction.

4.1.1 The SOFC.

4.1.2 Electrolytes.

4.1.3 Electrolyte Thickness.

4.1.4 Cell Performance.

4.1.5 Competitive Cells.

4.1.6 Oxygen Ion Concentration.

4.1.7 Unused Fuel.

4.1.8 SOFC Internal Process.

4.1.9 SOFC Preheating for Start-Up.

4.1.10 SOFC Manoeuvrability.

4.1.11 Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation.

4.2 Siemens Westinghouse.

4.2.1 Siemens – SOFC Integration with Gas Turbines.

4.3 Rolls-Royce.

4.4 NGK Insulators.

4.5 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (MMTL).

4.6 Imperial College London and Ceres Power Ltd.

4.7 Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, Australia.

4.8 Forschungs Zentrum Julich (FZJ).

4.9 Global Thermoelectric.

4.10 Allied Signal.

4.11 Acumentrics.

4.12 Adelan.

4.13 Sulzer Hexis.

4.14 ECN/INDEC Petten, the Netherlands.

4.15 Remarks.

5. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs).

5.1 Introduction to the MCFC.

5.1.1 MCFCs of FCE and MTU.

5.1.2 Detailed Fuel Cell Description.

5.1.3 Matrix Initiation.

5.1.4 Matrix and Cathode Deterioration.

5.1.5 Performance of Complete Cells.

5.1.6 Bipolar Plates.

5.1.7 Stacks.

5.1.8 Gas Turbine Integration with an MCFC.

5.1.9 Nickel Oxide Deposition at the Cathode at High Pressure.

5.1.10 Nickel Behaviour, Short-Circuiting.

5.1.11 MCFC Integration with Coal Gasification.

5.2 MCFC Status.

5.3 Remarks.

6. Polymer Electrolyte and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.

6.1 Introduction.

6.1.1 Ballard Power Systems.

6.1.2 Ballard History.

6.1.3 Ballard Status.

6.1.4 Ballard Stacks.

6.1.5 Flexible Graphite and Ballard.

6.1.6 Ballard MEAs.

6.1.7 Nafion and Alternatives.

6.1.8 Alternative Flow Plate Materials Used by Competitors.

6.1.9 Ballard Operating Experience.

6.2 Electrocatalysis in the SPFC.

6.3 Cathode Voltage Losses in the PEFC.

6.4 The PEFC Hydrogen Economy in Iceland.

6.5 Fuel Supply.

6.6 DMFCS.

6.7 Tokyo Gas Company, Desulphuriser.

6.8 Remarks.

7. Fuel Cell Economics and Prognosis.

7.1 Opening Remarks.

7.2 Fuel Cell Economics – Selected Summaries.

7.3 Non-Fuel-Cell Motor Vehicle Economics.

7.4 Price Waterhouse Fuel Cell Industry Survey.

7.5 Remarks.

Appendix A: Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Perfect Fuel Cells.

A.1 Thermodynamic Preamble to the Fuel Cell Equilibrium Diagram.

A.2 Utilisation of Equilibrium Diagram for Calculation of Chemical Exergy.

A.3 Chemical Exergy of Methane and Related High-Efficiency Hydrogen Production.

A.4 Elaboration of Figures A.4 and A.5, the Equilibrium Methane Oxidation Routes.

A.5 Practical Power Production for the Future.

Appendix B: Patent Search Examples.

Appendix C: List of Web Sites.

Bibliography.

Index.