Discovering the Solar System, 2nd Edition

List of Tables.

Preface and Study Guide to the First Edition.

Preface to the Second Edition.

1 The Sun and its Family.

1.1 The Sun.

1.1.1 The Solar Photosphere.

1.1.2 The Solar Atmosphere.

1.1.3 The Solar Interior.

1.1.4 The Solar Neutrino Problem.

1.2 The Sun’s Family – A Brief Introduction.

1.2.1 The Terrestrial Planets and the Asteroids.

1.2.2 The Giant Planets.

1.2.3 Pluto and Beyond.

1.3 Chemical Elements in the Solar System.

1.4 Orbits of Solar System Bodies.

1.4.1 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion.

1.4.2 Orbital Elements.

1.4.3 Asteroids and the Titius–Bode Rule.

1.4.4 A Theory of Orbits.

1.4.5 Orbital Complications.

1.4.6 Orbital Resonances.

1.4.7 The Orbit of Mercury.

1.5 Planetary Rotation.

1.5.1 Precession of the Rotation Axis.

1.6 The View from the Earth.

1.6.1 The Other Planets.

1.6.2 Solar and Lunar Eclipses.

1.7 Summary of Chapter 1.

2 The Origin of the Solar System.

2.1 The Observational Basis.

2.1.1 The Solar System.

2.1.2 Exoplanetary Systems.

2.1.3 Star Formation.

2.1.4 Circumstellar Discs.

2.2 Solar Nebular Theories.

2.2.1 Angular Momentum in the Solar System.

2.2.2 The Evaporation and Condensation of Dust in the Solar Nebula.

2.2.3 From Dust to Planetesimals.

2.2.4 From Planetesimals to Planets in the Inner Solar System.

2.2.5 From Planetesimals to Planets in the Outer Solar System.

2.2.6 The Origin of the Oort Cloud, the E–K Belt, and Pluto.

2.3 Formation of the Satellites and Rings of the Giant Planets.

2.3.1 Formation of the Satellites of the Giant Planets.

2.3.2 Formation and Evolution of the Rings of the Giant Planets.

2.4 Successes and Shortcomings of Solar Nebular Theories.

2.5 Summary of Chapter 2.

3 Small Bodies in the Solar System.

3.1 Asteroids.

3.1.1 Asteroid Orbits in the Asteroid Belt.

3.1.2 Asteroid Orbits Outside the Asteroid Belt.

3.1.3 Asteroid Sizes.

3.1.4 Asteroid Shapes and Surface Features.

3.1.5 Asteroid Masses, Densities, and Overall Composition.

3.1.6 Asteroid Classes and Surface Composition.

3.2 Comets and Their Sources.

3.2.1 The Orbits of Comets.

3.2.2 The Coma, Hydrogen Cloud, and Tails of a Comet.

3.2.3 The Cometary Nucleus.

3.2.4 The Death of Comets.

3.2.5 The Sources of Comets.

3.2.6 The Oort Cloud.

3.2.7 The E–K Belt.

3.3 Meteorites.

3.3.1 Meteors, Meteorites, and Micrometeorites.

3.3.2 The Structure and Composition of Meteorites.

3.3.3 Dating Meteorites.

3.3.4 The Sources of Meteorites.

3.3.5 The Sources of Micrometeorites.

3.4 Summary of Chapter 3.

4 Interiors of Planets and Satellites: The Observational and Theoretical Basis.

4.1 Gravitational Field Data.

4.1.1 Mean Density.

4.1.2 Radial Variations of Density: Gravitational Coefficients.

4.1.3 Radial Variations of Density: The Polar Moment of Inertia.

4.1.4 Love Numbers.

4.1.5 Local Mass Distribution, and Isostasy.

4.2 Magnetic Field Data.

4.3 Seismic Wave Data.

4.3.1 Seismic Waves.

4.3.2 Planetary Seismic Wave Data.

4.4 Composition and Properties of Accessible Materials.

4.4.1 Surface Materials.

4.4.2 Elements, Compounds, Affinities.

4.4.3 Equations of State, and Phase Diagrams.

4.5 Energy Sources, Energy Losses, and Interior Temperatures.

4.5.1 Energy Sources.

4.5.2 Energy Losses and Transfers.

4.5.3 Observational Indicators of Interior Temperatures.

4.5.4 Interior Temperatures.

4.6 Summary of Chapter 4.

5 Interiors of Planets and Satellites: Models of Individual Bodies.

5.1 The Terrestrial Planets.

5.1.1 The Earth.

5.1.2 Venus.

5.1.3 Mercury.

5.1.4 Mars.

5.2 Planetary Satellites, Pluto, EKOs.

5.2.1 The Moon.

5.2.2 Large Icy-Rocky Bodies: Titan, Triton, Pluto, and EKOs.

5.2.3 The Galilean Satellites of Jupiter.

5.2.4 Small Satellites.

5.3 The Giant Planets.

5.3.1 Jupiter and Saturn.

5.3.2 Uranus and Neptune.

5.4 Magnetospheres.

5.4.1 An Idealised Magnetosphere.

5.4.2 Real Magnetospheres.

5.5 Summary of Chapter 5.

6 Surfaces of Planets and Satellites: Methods and Processes.

6.1 Some Methods of Investigating Surfaces.

6.1.1 Surface Mapping in Two and Three Dimensions.

6.1.2 Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation Reflected or Emitted by a Surface.

6.1.3 Sample Analysis.

6.2 Processes that Produce the Surfaces of Planetary Bodies.

6.2.1 Differentiation, Melting, Fractional Crystallisation, and Partial Melting.

6.2.2 Volcanism and Magmatic Processes.

6.2.3 Tectonic Processes.

6.2.4 Impact Cratering.

6.2.5 Craters as Chronometers.

6.2.6 Gradation.

6.2.7 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks.

6.2.8 Formation of Metamorphic Rocks.

6.3 Summary of Chapter 6.

7 Surfaces of Planets and Satellites: Weakly Active Surfaces.

7.1 The Moon.

7.1.1 Impact Basins and Maria.

7.1.2 The Nature of the Mare Infill.

7.1.3 Two Contrasting Hemispheres.

7.1.4 Tectonic Features; Gradation and Weathering.

7.1.5 Localised Water Ice?

7.1.6 Crustal and Mantle Materials.

7.1.7 Radiometric Dating of Lunar Events.

7.1.8 Lunar Evolution.

.2 Mercury.

7.2.1 Mercurian Craters.

7.2.2 The Highlands and Plains of Mercury.

7.2.3 Surface Composition.

7.2.4 Other Surface Features on Mercury.

7.2.5 The Evolution of Mercury.

7.3 Mars.

7.3.1 Albedo Features.

7.3.2 The Global View.

7.3.3 The Northerly Hemisphere.

7.3.4 The Southerly Hemisphere.

7.3.5 The Polar Regions.

7.3.6 Water-related Features.

7.3.7 Observations at the Martian Surface.

7.3.8 Martian Meteorites.

7.3.9 The Evolution of Mars.

7.4 Icy Surfaces.

7.4.1 Pluto and Charon.

7.4.2 Ganymede and Callisto.

7.5 Summary of Chapter 7.

8 Surfaces of Planets and Satellites: Active Surfaces.

8.1 The Earth.

8.1.1 The Earth’s Lithosphere.

8.1.2 Plate Tectonics.

8.1.3 The Success of Plate Tectonics.

8.1.4 The Causes of Plate Motion.

8.1.5 The Evolution of the Earth.

8.2 Venus.

8.2.1 Topological Overview.

8.2.2 Radar Reflectivity.

8.2.3 Impact Craters and Possible Global Resurfacing.

8.2.4 Volcanic Features.

8.2.5 Surface Analyses and Surface Images.

8.2.6 Tectonic Features.

8.2.7 Tectonic and Volcanic Processes.

8.2.8 Internal Energy Loss.

8.2.9 The Evolution of Venus.

8.3 Io.

8.4 Icy Surfaces: Europa, Titan, Enceladus, Triton.

8.4.1 Europa.

8.4.2 Titan.

8.4.3 Enceladus.

8.4.4 Triton.

8.5 Summary of Chapter 8.

9 Atmospheres of Planets and Satellites: General Considerations.

9.1 Methods of Studying Atmospheres.

9.2 General Properties and Processes in Planetary Atmospheres.

9.2.1 Global Energy Gains and Losses.

9.2.2 Pressure, Density, and Temperature Versus Altitude.

9.2.3 Cloud Formation and Precipitation.

9.2.4 The Greenhouse Effect.

9.2.5 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses.

9.2.6 Atmospheric Circulation.

9.2.7 Climate.

9.3 Summary of Chapter 9.

10 Atmospheres of Rocky and Icy–Rocky Bodies.

10.1 The Atmosphere of the Earth.

10.1.1 Vertical Structure; Heating and Cooling.

10.1.2 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses.

10.1.3 Atmospheric Circulation.

10.1.4 Climate Change.

10.2 The Atmosphere of Mars.

10.2.1 Vertical structure; heating and cooling.

10.2.2 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses.

10.2.3 Atmospheric Circulation.

10.2.4 Climate Change.

10.3 The Atmosphere of Venus.

10.3.1 Vertical structure; heating and cooling.

10.3.2 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses.

10.3.3 Atmospheric Circulation.

10.4 Volatile Inventories for Venus, the Earth, and Mars.

10.5 The Origin of Terrestrial Atmospheres.

10.5.1 Inert Gas Evidence.

10.5.2 Volatile Acquisition During Planet Formation.

10.5.3 Early Massive Losses.

10.5.4 Late Veneers.

10.5.5 Outgassing.

10.6 Evolution of Terrestrial Atmospheres, and Climate Change.

10.6.1 Venus.

10.6.2 The Earth.

10.6.3 Mars.

10.6.4 Life on Mars?

10.7 Mercury and the Moon.

10.8 Icy-Rocky Body Atmospheres.

10.8.1 Titan.

10.8.2 Triton and Pluto.

10.8.3 The Origin and Evolution of the Atmospheres of Icy-Rocky Bodies.

10.9 Summary of Chapter 10.

11 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets.

11.1 The Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn Today.

11.1.1 Vertical Structure.

11.1.2 Composition.

11.1.3 Circulation.

11.1.4 Coloration.

11.2 The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune Today.

11.2.1 Vertical Structure.

11.2.2 Composition.

11.2.3 Circulation.

11.3 The Origin of the Giant Planets—A Second Look.

11.4 Summary of Chapter 11.

11.5 The End.

Question Answers and Comments.

Glossary.

Electronic Media.

Further Reading.

Index.

Plate Section.